Who was Haman the Agagite in the Bible?

from the old testament

• The book of Esther several times points out that Haman was an Agagite, which many scholars take to mean that he was a descendant of the Amalekite King Agag (Esther 3:1; 8:3, 5; 9:24). This is significant because, centuries earlier, King Saul had been commanded to destroy all the Amalekites (1 Samuel 15:1–3). Saul disobeyed, sparing King Agag and many things that he considered valuable (1 Samuel 15:9). The prophet Samuel had to execute Agag (1 Samuel 15:33), but it seems that Saul's incomplete obedience allowed some of Agag's descendants to survive. Haman the Agagite and his attempted genocide of the Jews serve as reminders of the importance of obeying God completely.
• Haman is first mentioned in Esther 3:1: "After these things King Ahasuerus promoted Haman the Agagite, the son of Hammedatha, and advanced him and set his throne above all the officials who were with him." Haman had become one of the king's chief advisers, and the king had everyone bow down to him. When Haman noticed that Mordecai, Esther's adoptive father, did not bow, Haman became infuriated (Esther 3:5). Mordecai, being a Jew, knew God's command about bowing to anyone but the Lord (Exodus 20:4–5), so Mordecai quietly remained standing when all others bowed to Haman as though he were a god.
• Haman suggested an evil plan to King Ahasuerus that would destroy Mordecai and the entire Jewish race, whom Haman painted as troublemakers (Esther 3:6, 8). The king, not knowing Haman's true motives, signed a proclamation that on a certain day the Persian people could rise up, kill their Jewish neighbors, and take their possessions (Esther 3:13). The Jews would not be allowed to defend themselves.
• When Mordecai learned of the king's edict, he was grief-stricken and immediately sent word to his adopted daughter, Queen Esther, pleading for her help. Esther was fearful of going in to the king without having first been summoned, but, drawing strength from Mordecai's words, she made her famous statement, "I will go to the king, though it is against the law, and if I perish, I perish" (Esther 4:16). She asked all of the Jewish exiles to fast for her for three days.
• Queen Esther requested a meeting with the king, which he granted (Esther 5:1–2). She then invited him and Haman to a feast she was giving. The king was delighted with the invitation, and so was Haman, who boasted to his wife and friends about how important he was (Esther 5:11–12). At the banquet, Esther requested that the king and Haman attend another banquet the next night. Haman was "joyful and glad of heart" on his way home (Esther 5:9). Yet when he again saw Mordecai refuse to bow to him, he was filled with murderous rage. At his wife's suggestion, Haman erected a giant gallows, seventy-five feet tall, upon which to execute Mordecai.
• Despite not being mentioned by name, God, in His sovereign workings within the hearts of men, arranged for the king to have insomnia that night (Esther 6:1). King Ahasuerus called for his record books to be read to him, and he learned that Mordecai had once exposed an assassination plot against him. The king realized he had never honored the man who saved his life. As he pondered how to rectify this oversight, Haman strode into the room, intending at that moment to ask the king's permission to hang Mordecai on the gallows he had constructed. Instead, the king asked Haman, "What should be done to the man whom the king delights to honor?" (Esther 6:6).
• Arrogant Haman, thinking the king was referring to him, answered, "For the man whom the king delights to honor, let royal robes be brought, which the king has worn, and the horse that the king has ridden, and on whose head a royal crown is set. And let the robes and the horse be handed over to one of the king's most noble officials. Let them dress the man whom the king delights to honor, and let them lead him on the horse through the square of the city, proclaiming before him: 'Thus shall it be done to the man whom the king delights to honor'" (Esther 6:7–9). "'Excellent!' the king said to Haman. 'Quick! Take the robes and my horse, and do just as you have said for Mordecai the Jew, who sits at the gate of the palace. Leave out nothing you have suggested!'" (Esther 6:10, NLT, emphasis added). Haman had to lead the man he hated on the king's own horse, honoring him through the streets the way he wanted to be honored. Haman went home in disgrace.
• At the second banquet, the king was so pleased with his gracious and beautiful wife that he told her she could ask for anything she wanted, even up to half of his kingdom (Esther 7:2). Esther told King Ahasuerus of Haman's evil plot to destroy her people. Pointing to him, she said, "This wicked Haman is our adversary and our enemy" (Esther 7:6, NLT).
• The king was so enraged that he went outside. While he was gone, Haman, in fear for his life, fell at Esther's feet, begging for mercy. The king walked back in and saw Haman, and his fury reached its peak. "Will he even assault the queen in my presence, in my own house?" he exclaimed and Haman was to be executed at once (Esther 7:8). The guards took Haman to the very gallows he had constructed for Mordecai (Esther 7:10). There he was executed.
• Mordecai helped the king write another proclamation that would allow the Jews to congregate and defend themselves against any aggressors (Esther 8), overriding Haman’s destructive edict. The Jews were victorious. Esther was given Haman's estate, and Mordecai was promoted to Haman's position as chief adviser to King Ahasuerus (Esther 10:3).
• Haman's fate is an example of poetic justice and divine retribution. What Haman designed for evil God used for good in the lives of people who trusted in Him (Genesis 50:20).

from the new testament

• Haman is not mentioned in the New Testament.

implications for today

The life of Haman the Agagite in the Bible teaches us the danger of pride and the importance of humility. Haman's rise to power in Persia was marred by his deep-seated arrogance and hatred, particularly towards Mordecai, who refused to bow to him. Haman's arrogance led him to devise a plan to exterminate the Jewish people, a plan rooted in personal vendetta rather than justice or truth. However, his plot backfired spectacularly, leading to his own execution on the gallows he had built for Mordecai. God tells us that He resists the proud but gives grace to the humble (1 Peter 5:5–6; James 4:6–7). James writes, “Humble yourselves before the Lord, and he will exalt you” (James 4:10). Haman’s narrative reminds us that pride can blind us to the consequences of our actions, and that humility and integrity are what God values and honors. Additionally, Haman’s life highlights the sovereignty of God, who can turn even the most malicious intentions into outcomes that ultimately uphold justice and protect the innocent.