What do we know about the Sumerians?

WHAT DOES THE BIBLE SAY?

The Bible does not mention the Sumerians, but Ur, where the Sumerians built a Ziggurat, is mentioned. The Ziggurat of Ur, built by the Sumerians in honor of the moon deity Nanna, reflects their advanced civilization, renowned for prowess in warfare, agriculture, architecture, and literature. Situated in the region known as the "Fertile Crescent," considered the "cradle of civilization," the Sumerians inhabited the area near the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, as mentioned in Genesis. Abraham, believed to have been born in Ur, is associated with the region and later called by God to journey to Canaan. His faith in God's promises led to the fulfillment of God's plan, with Jesus Christ considered the ultimate blessing to all nations through Abraham's lineage, unifying believers under one spiritual heritage. The Sumerians may not be recorded in Scripture, but other identifying pieces of information regarding their existence are found in the Bible.

FROM THE OLD TESTAMENT

• Historical records indicate that Sumerians built the Ziggurat of Ur in a city of the same name to worship a moon deity, Nanna. The Sumerians are thought to have been powerful warriors, skilled at agriculture, architecture, and literature. Historians consider Sumerians "proto-Euphrateans" who lived near the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. Genesis 2:14 mentions both of these rivers as two of the four which flowed from the garden of Eden. The area was and is known as the "Fertile Crescent" and the "cradle of civilization" and is where the wheel, irrigation, and other developments were invented.
• Ur, where the Sumerians lived, is identified as Abram's (later Abraham) birthplace. Though the Bible does not specifically say, Abraham may have been a Sumerian. He was living in Mesopotamia when God called him to leave there and go to a new land that God would show him (the land of Canaan, present day Lebanon and Israel) (Genesis 12:1–3; Hebrews 11:8–9). Abraham had faith in the Lord, believing His promises and following Him. God promised that He would bless the nations through Abraham, which He did most significantly in sending Jesus Christ, our Messiah, through Abraham's lineage.

FROM THE NEW TESTAMENT

• The Sumerians are not mentioned in the New Testament.

IMPLICATIONS FOR TODAY

One significant aspect we can glean from the Sumerians is the intertwining of human history and God’s plan in human history. The rise of the Sumerian civilization, their advancements, and their location in the cradle of civilization highlight God's orchestration of human events. Positioned between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, the Sumerians thrived due to fertile land that enabled agriculture and population growth. Their invention of cuneiform writing facilitated communication and record-keeping, aligning with God’s intention for humanity to develop language and culture (Genesis 11:1-9). Additionally, their innovations in irrigation reflected God’s provision and the stewardship He desired for humanity (Genesis 1:28). While the Sumerians pursued complex religious practices in their temples, seeking understanding of the divine, this mirrors humanity's inherent desire to seek God (Acts 17:26-27). Overall, the Sumerian civilization serves as a testament to God’s hand in shaping history, allowing cultures to grow in a way that reflect both His creativity and humanity’s longing for meaning and community. Abraham's story further illustrates God's intervention in history, calling individuals to fulfill His purposes, ultimately leading to the fulfillment of His promises through Jesus Christ. This narrative reminds us that God works through historical events and individuals to bring about His redemptive plan for humanity, uniting people of all backgrounds under one spiritual lineage through faith in Christ.

UNDERSTAND

• The Sumerians are not directly mentioned in Scripture.
• The Sumerians did not worship Yahweh. They built the Ziggurat of Ur as a religious structure to worship the moon deity Nanna.
• The region where the Sumerians lived, identified as the "Fertile Crescent" and the "cradle of civilization," holds significant historical and biblical importance, as it is associated with the garden of Eden, the birthplace of Abraham, and the fulfillment of God's promises to Abraham, highlighting the interconnectedness of human history and divine providence.

REFLECT

• How does the interaction between biblical narratives and historical records, like the Sumerians' construction of the Ziggurat of Ur, shape your understanding of the intersection between faith and history?
• The Bible is not meant to talk about everything that has ever happened, yet it does include historical narrative. What does this reveal about God and what He has chosen to reveal to us in His Word?
• Considering the absence of direct biblical mentions of the Sumerians, how do their existence and their contributions to civilization prompt you to explore the broader scope of God's work in human history beyond what is explicitly written in Scripture?

ENGAGE

• Sumerians lived in ancient times in what is now southern Iraq. They came from northern Mesopotamia or Assyria and created several city-states. Hammurabi was the last Sumerian king. His land was invaded and taken from him by the Babylonians in about 1700 BC.
• Sumerians are famous for developing cuneiform, one of the first written languages. Cuneiform uses wedge-shaped marks and survives on fired clay tablets or pillars on which it was written with a tool such as a stylus. One of the most famous surviving cuneiform writings is the Epic of Gilgamesh which recounts a heroic king, but also includes a story about a great flood similar to the one in Genesis.
• How can the study of ancient civilizations like the Sumerians deepen our understanding of the historical context of biblical events and themes, and how might this knowledge enhance our interpretation and application of Scripture in contemporary contexts?