Who are the 'other sheep' mentioned in John 10:16?
To understand who the "other sheep" from John 10:16 are, we must begin with the context of the verse and examine the whole passage. We know from many Bible passages that sheep are a symbol of true believers who follow Christ, their true Shepherd. His sheep hear His voice and follow Him. If He says that there are "other" sheep, then we must identify the original sheep that the "others" are different from.
In John 9, we see Jesus heal a man who was born blind. Jesus anointed the man's eyes with mud He made from the dirt and His saliva, then sent the man to wash in the pool of Siloam. The man returned with his sight. Some of the man's neighbors did not believe this now-seeing man was truly the same person. So they inquired about his healing and then brought him to the Pharisees, who interrogated him further. Some of the Pharisees were indignant that Jesus, who did not adhere to their extra sabbatical laws, could heal, so much so that they inquired of the man's parents and brought the man back for more questioning. The man affirmed that Jesus is from God, and the Pharisees cast him out. Jesus found the man, and declared Himself as the Son of Man. He also spoke about judgment, spiritual blindness, and seeing spiritual truth. Jesus told the nearby Pharisees, "If you were blind, you would have no guilt; but now that you say, 'We see,' your guilt remains" (John 9:41). After this denunciation of the false shepherds of Israel—the blind, self-appointed leaders who drew the people away from the true knowledge and kingdom of their Messiah (John 9:39–41), in chapter 10, Jesus explains at great length the nature of true sheep, those who follow the Good Shepherd, sent and appointed by God. True sheep are those who listen to the voice of the Shepherd (John 10:3) and follow Him (John 10:4) and know Him (John 10:14). He can only be speaking here of the true sheep of Israel because, up to that point, His ministry was confined to the sheep of Israel.
In John 10:16, Jesus refers to the "other sheep," and those can only be sheep that are outside of Israel, in other words, Gentiles. But the Gentiles who would follow Him are no less sheep than the true sheep of Israel. In fact, Jesus makes it clear that the Gentile sheep would also hear His voice and follow Him, and, eventually, there would be only one flock and one Shepherd. This is the mystery of the universal body of Christ, the church, which Paul refers to in Ephesians 3:6, "This mystery is that the Gentiles are fellow heirs, members of the same body, and partakers of the promise in Christ Jesus through the gospel." A mystery in Scripture is usually something not revealed previously, and this mystery—one universal church with both Jews and Gentiles brought together in one body in the Messiah—was so shocking to the Pharisees that they accused Jesus of being a demon-possessed lunatic (John 10:20–21).
Paul's commission from Christ was to "preach to the Gentiles the unsearchable riches of Christ" (Ephesians 3:8) because the Gentiles, the "other sheep," needed to be brought into the fold of the true Shepherd. Paul explains in Romans 11:16–36 the mystery of the church by using the imagery of a branch (the Gentiles) being grafted into the tree (Israel). Israel has been temporarily set aside until the "fullness of the Gentiles has come in" (Romans 11:25). This is occurring now in the Church Age, but eventually both Jews and Gentiles will live in glorious harmony in the millennial kingdom and then in eternity when all true sheep will follow their Shepherd forever as one body.
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