Do angels have free will?

TL;DR:

Angels were created with free will, and some chose to rebel against God. Angels have no sinful nature, and therefore, the exercise of their free will is permanent, without the opportunity for redemption, unlike humans, who have the ability to respond to God’s plan of salvation.

what does the bible say?

Scripture tells us that angels are spiritual beings created by God with the ability to choose to follow or reject Him. Satan, a fallen angel, used his free will to rebel against God, leading to eternal separation without the possibility of redemption. Other angels followed in his footsteps before the creation of humanity, and they, too, follow Satan’s fate. The holy angels who chose not to rebel still have a choice to sin, just as Jesus did while He was on earth, but like Him, they do not sin (Revelation 21:27). They do not have a fallen, sinful nature, unlike humans (Romans 5:12); therefore, the free will of angels and the fall of those who chose to rebel is different than that of humanity. Because of this, only humanity was given the opportunity for redemption by trusting in Christ for the forgiveness of sins. Reflecting on the fallen angels' fate calls us to surrender our free will to God's will and to embrace His plan of salvation.

from the old testament

Scripture tells us that angels are spiritual beings created by God (Psalm 148:2, 5).
Satan was an angel who, because of his pride, wanted to be exalted higher than God (Isaiah 14:12–15; Ezekiel 28:12–17). It is from his story that we learn angels do have free will. The fall of Satan occurred before the creation of humanity.
In the book of Isaiah, Satan describes his plan, continually using the words "I will," asserting his will to make his own decisions: "I will ascend to heaven; above the stars of God I will set my throne on high; I will sit on the mount of assembly in the far reaches of the north; I will ascend above the heights of the clouds; I will make myself like the Most High" (Isaiah 14:13–14). Clearly, Satan had free will to choose to obey God or reject Him.

from the new testament

The New Testament confirms that angels are spiritual beings created by God (Colossians 1:16).
Angels are divided into two categories: the fallen angels that were cast out of heaven after rebelling against God (Revelation 12:7–9; 2 Peter 2:4; Jude 1:6) and the elect and holy angels, who chose to worship God and remain with Him in Heaven (Mark 8:38; 1 Timothy 5:21). Clearly, angels were created with free will to follow or reject God.
Angels have emotions (Luke 15:10), worship God (Luke 2:13–14), and are intelligent (2 Corinthians 11:3, 14). Angels have the capacity to make decisions.
The Bible refers to the fall of the angels in a few places. Note that in all the passages, exercising their free will and falling occurred before the creation of humanity.
Second Peter 2:4 refers to angels who sinned: "For if God did not spare angels when they sinned, but cast them into hell and committed them to chains of gloomy darkness to be kept until the judgment...." These angels had fallen before humanity but were punished as they continued rebelling and trying to impact humanity.
Jude 1:6 describes the fallen angels, likely the ones who were the cause of the sin in Genesis 6:1–4, producing the Nephilim, who did not stay within their own position of authority: "And the angels who did not stay within their own position of authority, but left their proper dwelling, he has kept in eternal chains under gloomy darkness until the judgment of the great day...." Again, these angels fell before humanity was created, but they were punished because of their bringing rebellion to humanity.
In Revelation 12:3–4, we see a description of fallen angels, referred to as the stars of heaven, and Satan, referred to as the great red dragon. The tail of the dragon “swept down a third of the stars of heaven and cast them to the earth. And the dragon stood before the woman who was about to give birth, so that when she bore her child he might devour it.” The child is Jesus. Clearly, the angels chose to side with and sin with the dragon. Revelation 12:7–9 continues and describes a war in heaven. With this war, Satan and the fallen angels are cast out. This description shows that Satan and other fallen angels chose to rebel against God and will be punished together.
The plan of redemption, prophesied by the prophets and fulfilled in Christ, is specifically for humanity, not for the angels. First Peter 1:10–12 tells us that the angels long to look into these things, highlighting that this grace and salvation are unique to human beings.

implications for today

Free will, in the context of angels and humanity, highlights a profound aspect of God's plan of redemption. Angels, created as spiritual beings with the ability to choose, had the opportunity to follow or rebel against God. Those who fell, Satan and his followers, made a decisive choice that led to their eternal separation from God with no prospect of redemption. In contrast, humanity, although also endowed with free will, has been given the remarkable gift of redemption through Jesus Christ. Despite our frequent failures and sins, God's love and mercy extend to us in ways the angels can only marvel at (1 Peter 1:10–12). This grace is unique to humanity and reveals the uniqueness of humans in God's creation. As such, we should exercise our free will responsibly, choosing to surrender our lives to God's will and to accept His plan of salvation. Life—both now and for eternity—is found in Him. Reflecting on the irrevocable fate of the fallen angels should deepen our gratitude for the opportunity to repent and be reconciled with God, encouraging us to live lives that honor this extraordinary gift of grace.

understand

Angels were created by God with the ability to choose to follow or reject Him.
Fallen angels, including Satan, made irreversible choices to rebel, resulting in eternal separation from God.
Unlike humans, angels do not have the opportunity for redemption or repentance.

reflect

How does understanding that angels had free will and chose to rebel affect your view of human free will and the opportunity for redemption?
How does reflecting on the irrevocable fate of fallen angels deepen your gratitude for the grace and redemption available to you through Christ?
How does the permanence of angels' choices challenge or inspire you in your own decision-making process and relationship with God?

engage

What implications does the permanence of angels' decisions have for our discussions about forgiveness and redemption in our own lives and communities?
What implications does the permanence of angels’ decisions have for our glorified bodies when we go to heaven, especially in light of Revelation 21:1–14?
How can the knowledge of angels' free will and their irreversible choices impact our perspective on how we should use our own free will in alignment with God's will?