Is the millennium literal or figurative?

TL;DR:

The millennium in the Bible is likely a literal 1,000-year period, where Jesus will reign from David's throne in Jerusalem. The millennial kingdom leads to a literal final judgment as well as the literal creation of a new heaven, earth, and Jerusalem.

what does the bible say?

It is often debated as to whether the millennium in the Bible is literal or figurative. Old Testament prophecies speak of a future reign of the Messiah in Jerusalem, where there will be peace, joy, prosperity, and comfort, fulfilling God's promises to Israel and David. Revelation 20:1–7 specifically mentions a 1,000-year reign of Christ. The direct references and implications of the millennium likely lend themselves to a literal interpretation. Ultimately, the millennial kingdom is a 1,000-year period where Jesus reigns from David's throne in Jerusalem, leading to the final judgment and the creation of a new heaven, earth, and Jerusalem.

from the old testament

The millennial reign will take place as a fulfillment of God's covenants to Abraham (Genesis 12:1–3), to Israel as a nation (Deuteronomy 20:1–10), and to David (2 Samuel 7:10–13).
Other Old Testament prophets further speak of a time when the Messiah will reign for a long period of time from Jerusalem. The millennial kingdom will be marked by an ideal environment of peace (Micah 4:2–4), joy (Isaiah 61:7), prosperity (Amos 9:13–15), and comfort (Isaiah 40:1–2). Jerusalem will serve as the leading center of the world (Zechariah 8:3).

from the new testament

Revelation 20:1–7 speaks of a future 1,000-year reign of Jesus Christ on earth known as the millennial kingdom.
Those who argue for a figurative interpretation of the 1,000-year reign of Jesus on earth often refer to 2 Peter 3:8, which reads, "But do not overlook this one fact, beloved, that with the Lord one day is as a thousand years, and a thousand years as one day." While this verse could possibly be used in reference to the future millennial kingdom, this passage was written in the context of God's patience in order to allow more people to turn to Christ.
In contrast, those who interpret the millennial kingdom as a literal 1,000-year period do so based on numerous lines of evidence. Most importantly, Revelation 20:1–7, the passage that most clearly speaks of the millennial kingdom, specifically notes a 1,000-year period four different times. The emphasis appears to be on the exact time of the millennial kingdom, rather than a figurative interpretation.
The Bible mentions in many other places that the Messiah will rule as king in Jerusalem on the throne of David (Luke 1:32–33).
At the end of this time, a final rebellion and judgment are predicted (Revelation 20:7–15). A new heaven, new earth, and new Jerusalem will be created, where the Lord will dwell with His people forever (Revelation 21–22). The creation that began in the Garden of Eden will end in the City of God, where the Lord's people will dwell in community with their Creator forever.

implications for today

The prophecies regarding the future Messiah's reign all require a real period of time in order to have a literal fulfillment. The only alternatives would be to dismiss the many specific prophecies regarding the Messiah's future reign or to accept an allegorical interpretation of numerous passages that appear to be presented as literal predictions. Based on these options, the most likely scenario is that the millennial kingdom is a literal 1,000-year period during which Jesus Christ will reign from David's throne in Jerusalem.

understand

The millennium is likely a literal 1,000-year reign of Christ.
Old Testament prophecies foresee a literal reign of the Messiah in Jerusalem.
The millennium leads to the final judgment and the creation of a new heaven, earth, and Jerusalem.

reflect

What principles help guide you to interpret Scripture as literal or figurative?
What impact does the idea of a literal millennial kingdom have on your view of God's promises and His faithfulness?
How does the reality of a final judgment and the creation of a new heaven and earth shape your understanding of eternity and your role in it?

engage

What are the key differences between a literal and figurative interpretation of the millennium, and how do these differences affect how we approach prophecy?
How can the prophecy of peace, joy, and prosperity during the millennial reign influence our current understanding of God’s work and our purpose until then?
How do the implications of a final judgment and the new creation in Revelation challenge or encourage our understanding of God’s ultimate plan for the world?